Track Real Time Events

While developing a decentralized app you might want track specific events in real time. For example, you could want to be informed each time a specific NFT marketplace makes a sell. For this to be possible you need:

1. A way for the contract to inform that an event took place.
2. A way to track such events in real time.

To tackle these challenges is that the standard events format (NEP-297) was created. NEP-297 defines a standard way for contracts to inform about an event. Since these events are public, a service can then be built to track them in real time through the use of websocket.

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NEP-297 - Events

In NEAR, Events use the standard logs capability of contracts, since every log is forever stored in the blockchain. In this way, Events are normal log entries that start with the EVENT_JSON: prefix, followed by a single valid JSON string. The JSON string must codify an object with the following interface:

interface EventLogData {
    standard: string, // name of standard, e.g. nep171
    version: string, // e.g. 1.0.0
    event: string, // type of the event, e.g. nft_mint
    data?: unknown, // event data defined in the nep171
}

See the NEP-297 page for examples.

危险

There is a known limitation of 16kb strings when capturing logs

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Listening to Events (Mainnet)

To listen to events in the mainnet simply connect to the secure websocket wss://events.near.stream/ws. There is no websocket for testnet.

As first message you will need to pass an object stating the type of events you want to filter for, and a limit if necessary. For example, here we filter for the nft_mint event in the nft.nearapps.near account.

{
  secret: "ohyeahnftsss",
  filter: [{
    "account_id": "nft.nearapps.near",
    "status": "SUCCESS",
    "event": {
      "standard": "nep171",
      "event": "nft_mint",
    }
  }],
  fetch_past_events: 20,
}

警告

There is no websocket implemented for testnet, but you can run your own using this modified indexer to populate a database with events, and then serve them using the event-api project.

Reference implementation

If you need a reference implementation, here is a project from Evgeny Kuzyakov that listens for all nft_mint and nft_transfer events in the NEAR network.

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NEAR Lake Indexer

NEAR Lake is an indexer built on top of NEAR Indexer Framework to watch the network and store all the events as JSON files on AWS S3.

GitHub repo

You can find the Lake Indexer source code in this GitHub repository.

How it works

提示

Pagoda Inc. runs NEAR Lake nodes to store the data in JSON format on AWS S3. There is no need to run your own NEAR Lake unless you have specific reasons to do that.

There are AWS S3 buckets created:

• near-lake-data-testnet (eu-central-1 region)
• near-lake-data-mainnet (eu-central-1 region)

All the buckets are set up the way the requester pays for the access. Anyone can read from these buckets by connecting to them with their own AWS credentials to be charged by Amazon.

Data structure

The data structure used by Lake Indexer is the following:

    <block_height>/
      block.json
      shard_0.json
      shard_1.json
      ...
      shard_N.json

<block_height> is a 12-character-long u64 string with leading zeros (e.g "000042839521"). See this issue for reasoning.

block_json contains JSON-serialized BlockView struct. NB! this struct might change in the future, we will announce it

shard_N.json where N is u64 starting from 0. Represents the index number of the shard. In order to find out the expected number of shards in the block you can look in block.json at .header.chunks_included

How to use it

We have created the NEAR Lake Framework to have a simple straightforward way to create an indexer on top of the data stored by NEAR Lake itself.

NEAR Lake Framework

You can check the NEAR Lake Framework release announcement on the NEAR Governance Forum.

We have prepared this video tutorial with a simple example to give you an overview and some practical ideas.